Legal+Matters

ARMY WARTIME CIVIL CONTROL ADMINISTRATION ** April 1, 1942 ** TO ALL PERSONS OF JAPANESE ANCESTRY ** **All that portion of the City and County of San Francisco, lying generally west of the of the north-south line established by Junipero Serra Boulevard, Worchester Avenue, and Nineteenth Avenue, and lying generally north of the east-west line established by California Street, to the intersection of Market Street, and thence on Market Street to San Francisco Bay. ** **1701 Van Ness Avenue San Francisco, California ** **The Civil Control Station is equipped to assist the Japanese population affected by this evacuation in the following ways: ** b. Toilet articles for each member of the family. c. Extra clothing for each member of the family. d. Sufficient knives, forks, spoons, plates, bowls and cups for each member of the family. e. Essential personal effects for each member of the family. ** **J. L. DeWITT Lieutenant General, U. S. Army Commanding ** (Taken from http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist9/evacorder.html)
 * WESTERN DEFENSE COMMAND AND FOURTH
 * Presidio of San Francisco, California
 * INSTRUCTIONS
 * Living in the Following Area: **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">All Japanese persons, both alien and non-alien, will be evacuated from the above designated area by 12:00 o’clock noon Tuesday, April 7, 1942. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">No Japanese person will be permitted to enter or leave the above described area after 8:00 a.m., Thursday, April 2, 1942, without obtaining special permission from the Provost Marshal at the Civil Control Station located at: **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">1. Give advise and instructions on the evacuation. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">2. Provide services with respect to the management, leasing, sale, storage or other disposition of most kinds of property including real estate, business and professional equipment, household goods, boats, automobiles, livestock, etc. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">3. Provide temporary residence elsewhere for all Japanese in family groups. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">4. Transport persons and a limited amount of clothing and equipment to their new residence as specified below. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Following Instructions Must Be Observed: **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">1. A responsible member of each family, preferably the head of the family, or the person in whose name most of the property is held, and each individual living alone must report to the Civil Control Station to receive further instructions. This must be done between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Thursday, April 2, 1942, or between 8:00 a.m. and 5 p.m., Friday, April 3, 1942. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">2. Evacuees must carry with them on departure for the Reception Center, the following property: **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">a. Bedding and linens (no mattress) for each member of the family.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">All items carried will be securely packaged, tied and plainly marked with the name of the owner and numbered in accordance with instructions received at the Civil Control Station. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The size and number of packages is limited to that which can be carried by the individual or family group. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">No contraband items as described in paragraph 6, Public Proclamation No. 3, Headquarters Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, dated March 24, 1942, will be carried. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">3. The United States Government through its agencies will provide for the storage at the sole risk of the owner of the more substantial household items, such as iceboxes, washing machines, pianos and other heavy furniture. Cooking utensils and other small items will be accepted if crated, packed and plainly marked with the name and address of the owner. Only one name and address will be used by a given family. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">4. Each family, and individual living alone, will be furnished transportation to the Reception Center. Private means of transportation will not be utilized. All instructions pertaining to the movement will be obtained at the Civil Control Station. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Go to the Civil Control Station at 1701 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, California, between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Thursday, April 2, 1942, or between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Friday, April 3, 1942, to receive further instructions. **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">

Executive Order No. 9066 //The President// Executive Order Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas Whereas the successful prosecution of the war requires every possible protection against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense material, national-defense premises, and national-defense utilities as defined in Section 4, Act of April 20, 1918, 40 Stat. 533, as amended by the Act of November 30, 1940, 54 Stat. 1220, and the Act of August 21, 1941, 55 Stat. 655 (U.S.C., Title 50, Sec. 104); Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, I hereby authorize and direct the Secretary of War, and the Military Commanders whom he may from time to time designate, whenever he or any designated Commander deems such action necessary or desirable, to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander may impose in his discretion. The Secretary of War is hereby authorized to provide for residents of any such area who are excluded therefrom, such transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations as may be necessary, in the judgment of the Secretary of War or the said Military Commander, and until other arrangements are made, to accomplish the purpose of this order. The designation of military areas in any region or locality shall supersede designations of prohibited and restricted areas by the Attorney General under the Proclamations of December 7 and 8, 1941, and shall supersede the responsibility and authority of the Attorney General under the said Proclamations in respect of such prohibited and restricted areas. I hereby further authorize and direct the Secretary of War and the said Military Commanders to take such other steps as he or the appropriate Military Commander may deem advisable to enforce compliance with the restrictions applicable to each Military area hereinabove authorized to be designated, including the use of Federal troops and other Federal Agencies, with authority to accept assistance of state and local agencies. I hereby further authorize and direct all Executive Departments, independent establishments and other Federal Agencies, to assist the Secretary of War or the said Military Commanders in carrying out this Executive Order, including the furnishing of medical aid, hospitalization, food, clothing, transportation, use of land, shelter, and other supplies, equipment, utilities, facilities, and services. This order shall not be construed as modifying or limiting in any way the authority heretofore granted under Executive Order No. 8972, dated December 12, 1941, nor shall it be construed as limiting or modifying the duty and responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, with respect to the investigation of alleged acts of sabotage or the duty and responsibility of the Attorney General and the Department of Justice under the Proclamations of December 7 and 8, 1941, prescribing regulations for the conduct and control of alien enemies, except as such duty and responsibility is superseded by the designation of military areas hereunder. Franklin D. Roosevelt The White House, February 19, 1942. [F.R. Doc. 42–1563; Filed, February 21, 1942; 12:51 p.m.]

<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Wednesday, October 11, 1944 || <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Monday, December 18, 1944 || <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">commander in chief, criminal, discrimination, discrimination based on national origin, presidency, race, race discrimination, war powers || || <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> ||  || || <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">During World War II, Presidential Executive Order 9066 and congressional statutes gave the military authority to exclude citizens of Japanese ancestry from areas deemed critical to national defense and potentially vulnerable to espionage. Korematsu remained in San Leandro, California and violated Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 of the U.S. Army. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Did the President and Congress go beyond their war powers by implementing exclusion and restricting the rights of Americans of Japanese descent? <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Court sided with the government and held that the need to protect against espionage outweighed Korematsu's rights. Justice Black argued that compulsory exclusion, though constitutionally suspect, is justified during circumstances of "emergency and peril." (From http://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1949/1944/1944_22/ )
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Korematsu v. United States **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Abstract **||
 * <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Oral Argument: ** ||
 * <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Decision: ** ||
 * <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Decision: ** ||
 * <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Categories: ** ||
 * <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Categories: ** ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Facts of the Case **
 * <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Question **
 * <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Conclusion **